Although Vietnam has attracted significant foreign investment in recent years, many Western companies continue to face challenges in building trust and cultivating meaningful relationships due to a limited understanding of local customs. The concept of Quan He, while central to Vietnamese business practices, remains largely undertheorized in academic literature. While much has been written about China’s Guanxi and Western Relationship Marketing (RM), Vietnam’s Quan He offers a distinct relational framework shaped by the country’s dual ideological economy and cultural values.

This study explores the foundational elements of Quan He: The Dien (face-saving), Co Qua Co Lai (reciprocity), and Tinh Cam (emotional bonding), and compares them to Guanxi’s Mianzi, Renqing, and Ganqing, as well as the core principles of RM such as communication, reciprocity, and bonding. Drawing on both theoretical analysis and empirical data collected from Vietnam, the United States, and Bangladesh, I propose a culturally grounded framework and introduce a validated scale to measure the three facets of Quan He. The findings provide important insights for international firms seeking to operate successfully in Vietnam by helping them navigate relationships and avoid common cultural missteps.

Vietnamese business culture, Quan He, foreign investment, relationship marketing, Guanxi

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